Items that likely will be on the test: |
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- What role do protons play in an atom? Be specific.
- What role do neutrons play in an atom? Be specific
- Distinguish between the atomic number and the atomic mass numbers.<
- How is Carbon-14 different from Carbon-12? Which one is probably more stable? Why?
- Answer: C-14 is a heavier isotope of carbon that posseses 2 additional neutrons. It is unstable (experiences radioactive decay) compared to C-12.
- By volume, what is the largest component of an atom? By mass, what are the largest components of an atom?
- Answer: The elctrons occupy more than 99% of an atom's volume. Neutrons and protons account for nearly all of the atomic mass, being 1086x as massive as an electron.
- What is a chemical element? How is it different from an atom, a molecule, or a compound?
- What is the law of constant proportions as it applies to compounds?
- What role do electrons play in an atom? Be specific.
- What did Kirchoff invent and why was it useful for identifying different elements in compounds? (see 15.2)
- Answer: He invented a "diffraction grating" or spectrum analyzer or spectroscope (you have probably used this before- they are sold to kids as "rainbow glasses") that allowed light to be broken into it's spectrum, much like Newton's _______.
- The unique fingerprint of light emitted by a heated substance gives clues as to the elements that compose it. Each element has a unique _________ spectrum.
- What three products made from coal influenced the development of industrial chemistry and/or our knowledge of the elements?
- >Answer: Coke, coal gas, and coal tar. Roasting coal in a low oxygen environment creates all three products.
- Coke created hotter fires that allowed more and better iron alloys to be made in smelters.
- Coke + iron + lots of oxygen makes steel, the hardware of the industrial revolution.
- Coal gas or methane, which was at first considered a waste gas, was later captured and used to make gas lights throughout the Victorian world.
- This compound prompted Bunsen to make a really efficient burner for use in the lab to purify elements from various ores.
- Coal tar is a poisonous gunk that is chemically related to the aromatic compounds that are generated when food is roasted (BBQ pit "seasoning") or cigarettes are smoked (carcinogenic tars!).
- Creosote, the blackened tar used to preserve light poles, was one of the first uses for some of these compounds.
- The English chemist William Perkins created the first synthetic dye from these tars and sparked a race to find more uses for this industrial waste product.
- These dyes were called analine dyes.
- Who figured out that fluctuating electric fields could make fluctuating magnetic fields that would, in turn, continue the cycle forever if these fields moved at 3E8 m/s?
- Answer: James Clerk Maxwell
- What did all alchemists hold as a central truth about matter? What did the mystical "Philosopher's Stone" have to do with this pursuit?
- Answer: Transfiguration- both physical and spiritual. The "holy grail" of medieval philosophers was the Holy Grail (what does that mean??).
- What happened when the rational, mechanical viewpoint of the universe was finally applied by people like Lavosier to the study of matter?
- Answer: Dalton's 4 postulates on matter. These state that there is no divine or vital spirit in matter, but simply....
- Dimitir Mendeleev was the father of the periodic table
- Items to distinguish between on the periodic table:
- Basic Atomic Group personalities- be able to identify these elements based on a brief description of their chemical properties:
- Alkali metals
- Alkali-Earth metals
- Transitions metals
- Inner transition elements- why unique?
- Uses for Silicon in Group 14?
- Answer: As a metalloid semiconductor, Si can be forced to donate or accept electrons. Thus it makes an ideal material for electrical circuitry in a computer chip.
- Uses for Nitrogen in Group 15?
- Answer: Fertilizers via the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen gas to ammonia
- Halogens
- Noble gases
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