These web pages were generated using the free CMAP concept mapping software from the Institute for Human and Machine Cognition (IHMC) at the University of West Florida. The original cmaps are loaded on our class server as .zip files.

These mind maps help fill in the history of chemistry from the Copper Age till the time of Newton, where the "History of Chemistry" document takes over.

• Early ages of metallurgy web
  (198 kB)
• Alchemy ~ the origins of chemistry web
  (256 kB)
• The Iron age to the creation of Steel web
  (503 kB)

Names to know from the history of chemistry packet can be found here.

As conceptual models progressed from Dalton's four postulates of 1803 to the quantum mechanical model of the 1920's, new concepts and vocabulary have been introduced in order to make sense of how these smallest units of elements behave.

• Atomic Structure web
  (490 kB)

•  Entire chapter covered 
•  Class generated concept maps of Ch. 14 vocabulary
•  Test Hints and Helps

•  Chem4kids has basic review of atoms and elements.
•  Webelements .com will give you all the info you need about any element on the Periodic Table.

•  Entire chapter covered
•  Spectral Lines Tutorial for understanding the role of Bunsen and Kirchoff in chemistry.  
• Plasmas- the 4th state of matter showing atoms in Nebula emitting light.
• The great java applets of the Quantum Atom tutorials are at the University of Colorado, where a 5th state of matter (Einstein-Bose Condensates) was proven in 1995 (winning the Nobel prize), and a 6th state of matter (Fermionic condensates) was added in 2004.

•  Make sure you understand why electrons only exist at whole number wave intervals called orbits around nucleus.

• Astronomers use Kirchoff's Spectral Analyzer every day. Sites that illustrate and discuss Emission Nebulae are:
  •  Nebulae Simplified
  •   Hubble photographs of Emission Nebula

•  You should know these concepts:
• isotopes
• radioactive isotopes
• mass spectrometers
• decay products
• half-life
• fission vs. fusion
• E= mc²

	Types of solids
	Electronegativity
	Bond formation

•  Entire chapter covered

PowerPoint Slide Presentation

•  See the tutorials on bonding for Chapter 19 at the Hewitt Website

•  Chapter 19 Bonding Objectives
   for the test

•  For practice questions see #17,18,21-38 on the Practice Exam.

•  A concept map (large one!) showing many of the general concepts covered.

•  Entire chapter covered except for 20.4
•  "Lewis Models" allow you to predict the 3-D shapes of covalent molecules.
•  The polarity of the molecule can then be determined by looking for unbalanced forces or net dipoles.
•  The solubility, melting & boiling points can then be compared for various molecules or ionic crystals.

•  Chapter 20 Molecular interactions & Geometry Objectives

•  For practice questions see #38-44, 62-66,68-70 on the Practice Exam.

•  Chapter 20 flash tutorials:
  • Rules of solublity
  • Intramolecular forces
  • Polar attractions

•  Will not cover 18.4-18.6
•  Using the decision tree or flowchart for determining the type of matter (pure vs. type of mixture) in a sample.

•  Both entire chapters covered
•  Distinguishing between physical and chemical properties
•  Identifying chemical changes
•  Identifying the types of chemical reactions and balancing the equations

•  Test Objectives for this unit

•  For practice questions see #7-13, 19, 20, 41, 45-47 on the Practice Exam.

•  Be able to define acids and bases as proton donors and acceptors
•  Know the pH scale definition as the inverse exponent of the concentration of H+ ions in a solution (p. 542). Know that the pH is a log or 10x difference scale.
•  Know the Universal Indicator colors that acids, bases, and neutral solutions formed in the lab.
•  Know the general properties of acids and bases.

• A general outline of the key points can be found here.

• Tutorials from the book:
  • Nature of Acids and Bases
  • Strong & Weak Acids & Bases
  • The pH scale

• Distinguish oxidation and reduction processes
  • "LEO says GER "
• Describe how batteries of all types utilize redox reactions
• Know the pros and cons of fuel cells
• Describe how our cell's mitochondria oxidize high energy carbon-hydrogen bonds in order to regenerate ATP

• Alkaline Battery construction
• Powerpoint on your "Cell's battery" is posted in the file section of the class website.

Sugars

• monosaccharides: quick energy
• disaccharides: form for transport
• polysaccharides: sugar storage
• cell markers: CD4 molecules where HIV docks to latch onto human cells.

Proteins or polypeptides

• amino acid: the basic monomer unit
  • basic amino (-NH₂) group
  • acid (-COOH) group
  • side group chain (-R) can be polar or nopolar
• amino acids arestrung together by peptide bonds to make primary structures
• secondary structures are created due to molecular attractions of the side groups to create:
  • alpha helix coils (alter view of molecule by right-click~Display~Ribbons)
  • beta pleated-sheets
• enzymes: teriary (globular) or quartenary (multiple globs) protein structures that help make or break bonds.
  • The salivary amylase enzyme that breaks down starch is a good example. In that window, scroll down to see how starch fits into a groove on the protein. This is the "active site" where the polysaccharide becomes single sugars.
• proteins can also be
  • hormones
  • cell surface markers that identify friend from foe
  • structural material for cells
  • channels or gates in cell membranes to allow electrical conduction or polar molecule passage in/out of the cell membrane.

Lipids or fats

• phospholipids found in all cell membranes
• cholesterol for stiffening cell membranes
• fatty acids from plants
• Testosterone, C₁₉H₂₈O₂, a steroid

Polynucleotides

• DNA (double stranded helix)
• RNA (single stranded- can twist back on itself to form many different structures)
• ATP is a single nucleotide based molecule that is the "energy currency" of the cell.

•  70 questions covering the entire chemistry section 
•  Self-test with immediate feedback

In the book there is a final practice test on pg. 610. #1-9, 12-17, 18-34 are items we covered.

•  It is thoroughly recommended that these questions and their answers are used as part of your exam preparation.

Chemistry Web sites that you should visit to learn more about a topic, take online review/ practice over a unit, or find a different way to master a units topics.